『漂流アメリカ』注

序文　バラスト

１．40% of the nation's GDP : “The Cost of U.S. Wars Then and Now,” Norwich University, October 20, 2020.
２．3.7% of our GDP : “Military Expenditure” (% of GDP)-United States,” The World Bank Group, last visited February 10, 2022.
３．10 million service members : “The Points Were All That Mattered : The US Army's Demobilization After World War II,” The National WWII Museum, August 27, 2010 URL
“Research Starters : US Military by the Numbers,” The National WWII Museum, accessed April 15, 2022 URL
４．wages began to fall : Simon Constable, “Truman's Forgotten Economic Crisis,” Forbes, March 4, 2016 URL
５．went on strike : Kristen Burton, “Episode 5 - Strike Wave,” January 22, 2021, in To The Best of My Ability podcast, 28:43 URL
６．Planners feared : Sarah Pruitt, “The Post World War II Boom : How America Got Into Gear,” History, May 14, 2020 URL
７．The leap forward in the human condition : Esteban Ortiz-Ospina and Max Roser, “Literacy,” Global Change Data Lab, September 20, 2018 URL
８．eradicated smallpox : “Smallpox,” American Museum of Natural History, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
９．90% of Indigenous Americans : Chris Brierley, Alexander Koch, Simon Lewis, and Mark Maslin, “European Colonisation of the Americas Might Have Caused Global Cooling, According to New Research,” World Economic Forum, February 1, 2019 URL
10．funded college for 2 million : “Research Starters : The GI Bill,” The National WWII Museum, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
11．Eisenhower launched : “Traveling Interstates Is Our Sixth Freedom,” USA Today, June 26, 2006 URL
12．70% of Americans describe themselves : Pavithra Mohan, “This Is Why Everyone Thinks They Are Middle Class (Even If They Aren't),” Fast Company, April 14, 2019 URL
13．the postwar middle class : Jim Tankersley, The Riches of This Land (New York : Public Affairs, 2021), 91.
14．1,000 families : “Love Canal : A Special Report to the Governor & Legislature : April 1981,” New York State Department of Health, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
15．more than a million Americans : “COVID-19 Forecasts : Deaths,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 23, 2022 URL

第１章　株主層の台頭

１．“In this present crisis” : ロナルド・レーガン、「大統領就任演説」1981年１月20日 URL
２．fell from 14% : “U.S. Inflation Rate 1960-2022,” MacroTrends, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
３．Dow Jones Industrial Average : “Dow Jones-DJIA-100 Year Historical Chart,” MacroTrends, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
４．lowest it had been : “Historical Highest Marginal Income Tax Rates,” Tax Policy Center, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
５．the government owed $930 billion : “Federal Debt : Total Public Debt,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 10, 2022 URL
６．to over 120% today : “Gross Domestic Product,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
７．Chart 1 : “Historical U.S. Federal Corporate Income Tax Rates & Brackets, 1909-2020,” Tax Foundation, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
“Historical Highest Marginal Income Tax Rates,” Tax Policy Center, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
８．famously said that : Gautam Mukunda, “‘What's Good for GM Is Good for America'-What Should You Do During A National Crisis?” Forbes, June 5, 2020 URL
９．Chart 2 : Theodore Roosevelt, “NY Speech,” Asheville, North Carolina, September 9, 1902; Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Address at Marietta, Ohio,” July 8, 1938; John F. Kennedy, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington, D.C. : US Gov. Printing Office, 1964), 326; Ronald Regan, news conference, August 12, 1986 URL
“Clinton : Era of Big Government Is Over,” ABC News, accessed February 23, 2022 URL （記事削除。参考サイト)
10．1 in every 5 : “Report Card for America's Infrastructure : Roads,” ASCE Foundation, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
11．Forty-five percent of Americans : “Report Card for America's Infrastructure : Transit,” ASCE Foundation, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
12．every two minutes : “Report Card for America's Infrastructure : Water,” ASCE Foundation, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
13．12,000 children : Andrew Keller, “United Way Estimates Cost of Helping Children $100M,” WNEM, 2016 URL
Jennie Doyle, “The Flint Water Crisis - Impact, Solutions, and Repercussions,” Voices of Youth, February 27, 2019 URL
14．killing 98 people : Lauren Leatherby et al., “Floor by Floor, the Lost Lives of the Surfside Building Collapse,” New York Times, July 27, 2022 URL
15．spends ten times more : Phelim Kine, “‘Powerful Signal' : Biden's Infrastructure Bill Sends Message to China,” Politico, August 7, 2021 URL
16．why it takes 4.5 hours : “Best Places to Visit in China-Book Tours and Travel Packages,” China Guide, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
17．but 7 hours to get : “Reservations,” Amtrak, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
18．Chart 3 : Josh Bivens, “The Potential Macroeconomic Benefits from Increasing Infrastructure Investment,” Economic Policy Institute, July 18, 2017 URL
19．In 1963, President Kennedy : Jessica Placzek, “Did the Emptying of Mental Hospitals Contribute to Homelessness?” KQED, December 6, 2016 URL
20．half a million Americans : “HUD 2020 Continuum of Care Homeless Assistance Programs Homeless Populations and Subpopulations,” US Department of Housing and Urban Development, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
21．three times more likely : Dominic Casciani, “Crime Victims with Mental Illness Ignored, Research Suggests,” BBC, October 7, 2013 URL
22．Chart 4 : William Fisher, Ted Lutterman, Ronald Manderscheid, and Robert Shaw, “Trend in Psychiatric Inpatient Capacity, United States and Each State, 1970 to 2014,” National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, August 2017, 41 URL
23．represented by a union : Gerald Mayer, “Union Membership Trends in the United States,” Congressional Research Service, August 31, 2004 URL
24．Chart 5 : “Work Stoppages Involving 1,000 or More Workers, 1947-2017,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
Lawrence Mishel, Lynn Rhinehart, and Lane Windham, “Explaining the Erosion of Private-Sector Unions,” Economic Policy Institute, November 18, 2020 URL
25．In 1982, Gibson Greeting Cards : Ann Crittenden, “Reaping the Big Profits from a Fat Cat,” New York Times, August 7, 1983 URL
26．“It's kind of frightening” : Crittenden, “Reaping the Big Profits from a Fat Cat.”
27．Chart 6 : “U.S. Leveraged Buyout Market From 1980-2002,” U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray Capital Markets Ltd., accessed February 23, 2022 URL（→ https://www.yumpu.com/）
28．Chart 7 : Josh Bivens and Lawrence Mishel, “Understanding the Historic Divergence Between Productivity and a Typical Worker's Pay : Why It Matters and Why It's Real,” Economic Policy Institute, September 2, 2015 URL
29．8 in 100 members : Catherine Rampell, “The Top 1% : Executives, Doctors and Bankers,” New York Times, October 17, 2011 URL
30．Chart 8 : Bivens and Mishel, “Understanding the Historic Divergence Between Productivity and a Typical Worker's Pay.”
31．roughly $600 billion : Natasha Sarin, “The Case for a Robust Attack on the Tax Gap,” U.S. Department of Treasury, September 7, 2021 URL
32．Chart 9 : “SOI Tax Stats Archive-1863 to 1999 Annual Reports and IRS Data Books,” Internal Revenue Service, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
33．Chart 10 : Thomas Wright and Gabriel Zucman, “The Exorbitant Tax Privilege,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 24983, September 2018 URL
34．wealthiest 1% of Americans : “Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. Since 1989,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, accessed February 23, 2022 URL
35．Chart 11 : “Survey of Consumer Finances, 1989-2019,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, accessed February 23, 2022 URL

第２章　われわれが作った世界

１．lived in extreme poverty : “Population Living in Extreme Poverty, World, 1981 to 2017,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
２．had no democratic rights : “200 Years Ago, Everyone Lacked Democratic Rights. Now, Billions of People Have Them,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
３．had a life expectancy : “Life Expectancy,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
４．had no formal education : “Share of the World Population Older Than 15 Years with at Least Basic Education,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
５．were largely in Asia : “Share of Population in Extreme Poverty, 1981 to 2019,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
６．world's largest standing army : Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, “Global Nuclear Weapons Inventories, 1945-2010,” Bulletin of Atomic Sciences 66, no. 4 (November 27, 2015) : 77-83 URL
７．cases of Pepsi : Mark Stenberg, “How the CEO of Pepsi, By Bartering Battleships and Vodka, Negotiated Cold War Diplomacy and Brought His Soda to the Soviet Union,” Business Insider, November 11, 2020 URL
８．Chart 12 : Max Roser, “The world economy over the last two millennia,” Our World in Data, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
９．below the international poverty line : Jack Goodman, “Has China Lifted 100 Million People Out of Poverty?,” BBC News, February 28, 2021 URL
10．China with wealth of more than $110,000 : David Dawkins, “China Overtakes U.S. In Global Household Wealth Rankings ‘Despite' Trade Tensions-Report,” Forbes, October 21, 2019 URL
11．Chart 13 : “Regional Aggregation Using 2011 PPP and $1.9/Day Poverty Line,” The World Bank Group, accessed February 24, 2022 URL（記事削除）
12．Infant mortality has been cut : Bernadeta Dadonaite, Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Child and Infant Mortality,” Our World in Data, 2013 URL
13．disease and war : “Burden of Disease, 1990 to 2019,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
“Rate of Violent Deaths in Conflicts and One-Sided Violence Per 100,000, 1946 to 2016,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
14．Chart 14 : “Life Expectancy at Birth, Total (Years),” World Bank Group, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
15．Chart 15 : “Share of Democracies,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
16．immigrants started a quarter : Marjolaine Gauthier-Loiselle and Jennifer Hunt, “How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation?” American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 2 (April 2010) : 31-56 URL
17．immigrants founded or cofounded : Stuart Anderson, “Immigrants and Billion-Dollar Companies,” National Foundation for American Policy, October 2018 URL
18．nearly double the rate : Sameeksha Desai and Robert Fairlie, “National Report on Early Stage Entrepreneurship in the United States : 2020,” Kauffman Indicators of Entrepreneurship : Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, February 2021 URL
19．Chart 16 : “World Migration Report,” International Organization for Migration, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
20．goods carried by shipping containers : Martin Placek, “Container Shipping-Statistics & Facts ,” Statista, September 23, 2021 URL
21．Chart 17 : “Capacity of Container Ships in Seaborne Trade from 1980 to 2021,” Statista, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
22．every minute in 2020 : Aran Ali, “Here's What Happens Every Minute on the Internet in 2020,” Visual Capitalist, September 15, 2020 URL
23．Chart 18 : “Percentage of Global Population Accessing the Internet from 2005 to 2021, by Market Maturity,” Statista, accessed February 2022 URL
24．Chart 19 : “Number of Internet Users,” Global Change Data Lab, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
25．Nobel laureates in the past decade : Kevin Nazar and Michele Waslin, “U.S. Risks no Longer Attracting Nobel-Worthy Talent,” George Mason University : Institute for Immigration Research, June 11, 2019 URL
26．Chart 20 : “Nobel Laureates and Research Affiliations,” Nobel Prize Outreach, accessed Feburary 24, 2022 URL
27．largest provider of foreign aid : Joe Myers, “Foreign Aid : These Countries Are the Most Generous,” World Economic Forum, August 16, 2016 URL
28．President Reagan directed : Tom Guettler, “Why Ronald Reagan Was a Strong Advocate of Foreign Aid,” Global Citizen, August 11, 2016 URL
29．President George W. Bush made : Gary L. Gregg II, “George W. Bush : Foreign Affairs,” University of Virginia : Miller Center, 2022 URL
30．President Obama's Feed the Future : “The Global Food Security Act,” The United States Agency for International Development, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
31．Chart 21 : “51 Billion Total Obligations,” The United States Agency for International Development, accessed February 24, 2022 URL

第３章　イノベーター崇拝

１．a decrease in church attendance : Jeffrey M. Jones, “U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time,” Gallup, March 29, 2021 URL
２．midwifed with tax dollars : “The Birth of the Microchip,” Longview Institute, accessed March 6, 2022 URL （→ https://www.academia.edu/）
“How the Internet was Invented,” The Guardian, accessed March 6, 2022 URL
“The Invention of the Computer Mouse,” DARPA, accessed March 6, 2022 URL
“Global Positioning System History,” NASA, accessed March 6, 2022 URL
“The History of Web Browsers,” Mozilla.org, accessed March 6, 2022 URL
３．decreased tolerance of minority residents : James Laurence, Katharina Schmid, James R. Rae, and Miles Hewstone, “Prejudice, Contact, and Threat at the Diversity-Segregation Nexus : A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of How Ethnic Out-Group Size and Segregation Interrelate for Inter-Group Relations,” Social Forces 97, no. 3 (March 2019) : 1029-66 URL
４．Chart 22 : Ben Bromley, “In Depth : Shrinking Service Clubs Try to Reach Millennials,” WiscNews, May 10, 2019 URL
Brian Cabell, “Are Service Clubs Dying?” Word on the Street, July 4, 2017 URL
Jeffrey M. Jones, “U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time,” Gallup, March 29, 2021 URL
“The Space Between : Renewing the American Tradition of Civil Society,” Republicans Joint Economic Committee, no. 8-10, December 2019 URL
“443. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts-Membership and Units,” Photius Coutsoukis and Information Technology Associates, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
David Crary, “Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts Suffer Huge Declines in Membership,” Associated Press, June 30, 2021 URL
５．Chart 23 : Major Garrett and Kathyrn Watson, “Clean Drinking Water a Bigger Global Threat Than Climate Change, EPA's Wheeler Says,” CBS News, March 20, 2019 URL
“Mobile Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, accessed February24, 2022 URL
Privatized R&D = Privatized Progress
６．federal government investment : History Center Staff, “A Brief History of the U.S. Federal Government and Innovation (Part III : 1945 and Beyond),” IEEE, August 1, 2011 URL
７．from a peak of 1.9% to 0.7% : “U.S. R&D Increased by $51 Billion, to $606 Billion, in 2018; Estimate for 2019 Indicates a Further Rise to $656 Billion,” National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
８．Chart 24 : “U.S. R&D Increased by $51 Billion, to $606 Billion, in 2018.”
９．college degrees are more expensive : “College Tuition and Fees Increase 63 Percent Since January 2006,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
10．exclusive than they've ever been : Brandon Griggs and Michelle Lou, “Acceptance Rates at Top Colleges Are Dropping, Raising Pressure on High School Students,” CNN, April 3, 2019 URL
11．more people as a whole are attending college : “Educational Attainment Tables,” United States Census Bureau, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
12．Chart 25 : Anthony P. Carnevale, Nicole Smith, and Jeff Strohl, “Recovery : Job Growth and Education Requirements Through 2020,” Georgetown Public Policy Institute : Center on Education and Workforce, 2020 URL
13．WeWork filed to go public : Rebecca Aydin, “The WeWork Fiasco of 2019, Explained in 30 Seconds,” Business Insider, October 22, 2019 URL
14．Chart 26 : 当該企業のS-1目論見書
15．Chart 27 : Jay R. Ritter, “Initial Public Offerings : Dual Class Structure of IPOs Through 2021,” University of Florida, accessed February 16, 2022 URL
16．$50 trillion U.S. stock market : “US Total Market Capitalization as % of GDP,” YCharts, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
17．U.S. households own around half : Theo Burke and Steven M. Rosenthal, “Who Owns US Stock? Foreigners and Rich Americans,” Urban Institute, The Brookings Institution, and individual authors, October 20, 2020 URL
18．In 1990, it was 82% : “Share of Corporate Equities and Mutual Fund Shares Held,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
19．Chart 28 : “Q3 2021,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
It's Never Been Easier to Be a Trillion-Dollar Company
20．Apple became the first : Jack Nicas, “Apple Becomes First Company to Hit $3 Trillion Market Value,” New York Times, January 3, 2022 URL
21．each company reaching that mark : 当該企業の申請書類より 22．Chart 29 : George Maroudas (@ChicagoAdvisor), “Yearly revenue before reaching trillion valuation : Tesla : $32 billion, Facebook : $86 billion, Microsoft : $110 billion, Google:, $162 billion, Amazon : $178 billion, Apple : $229 billion,” Twitter, October 29, 2021 URL
23．“A year from now” : Andrew J. Hawkins, “Here Are Elon Musk's Wildest Predictions about Tesla's Self-Driving Cars,” The Verge, April 22, 2019 URL
24．Chart 30 : 当該企業の申請書類より
25．lobbying in 2020 : Tony Romm, “Amazon, Facebook, Other Tech Giants Spent Roughly $65 Million to Lobby Washington Last Year,” Washington Post, January 22, 2021 URL
26．spent over $200 million : Johana Bhuiyan, Ryan Menezes and Suhauna Hussain, “How Uber and Lyft Persuaded California to Vote Their Way,” Los Angeles Times, November 13, 2020 URL
27．Chart 31 : “Industry Profile : Internet,” OpenSecrets, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
“Industry Profile : Commercial Banks,” OpenSecrets, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
“Sector Profile:Energy & Natural Resources,” OpenSecrets, accessed February 24 URL
28．three miles above the Kármán line : Jackie Wattles, “Jeff Bezos Just Went to Space and Back,” CNN, July 20, 2021 URL
29．279 billion tons : “Climate Change : How Do We Know?,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
30．Chart 32 : Brian Kahn, “Jeff Bezos Got as Much Morning Show Coverage in a Day as Climate Change Got All Last Year,” Gizmodo, July 21, 2021 URL

第４章　ハンガーゲーム

１．8 of the 10 wealthiest people in the world : “The World's Real-Time Billionares,” Forbes, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
２．Elon Musk, is the richest of the eight : “The World's Real-Time Billionares.”
３．increased their share of the nation's : “Share of Total Net Worth Held by the Top 1% (99th to 100th Wealth Percentiles),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
４．Income for the bottom quintile : “Historical Income Tables : Households,” United States Census Bureau, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
５．$17 billion in annual content : Elaine Low, “Netflix Reveals $17 Billion in Content Spending in Fiscal 2021,” Variety, April 20, 2021 URL
６．$1.7 trillion of student loan debt : Zack Friedman, “Student Loan Debt Statistics In 2021 : A Record $1.7 Trillion,” Forbes, February 21, 2021,URL
７．Poor kindergartners with good scores : Abigail Johnson Hess, “Georgetown Study : ‘To Succeed in America, It's Better to Be Born Rich Than Smart,” CNBC, May 29, 2019 URL
８．Sixty-one percent of kids from families : Preston Cooper, “College Enrollment Surges Among Low-Income Students,” Forbes, February 26, 2018 URL
９．At thirty-eight colleges, including five of the Ivies : “Some Colleges Have More Students from the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60. Find Yours,” New York Times, The Upshot, January 18, 2017 URL
10．Corporate profits used to track : “National Income : Compensation of Employees,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
11．Since 2000, U.S. airlines have declared bankruptcy : “U.S. Airline Bankruptcies,” Airlines for America, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
12．six largest airlines : Joseph Zeballos-Roig, “Airlines Are Begging for a Bailout, but They've Used 96% of Their Cash Flow on Buybacks Over the Past 10 Years. It Highlights an Ongoing Controversy Over How Companies Have Been Spending Their Money,” Business Insider, March 20, 2020 URL
13．$13 million in 2020 : Kelly Yamanouchi, “Delta CEO Bastian Took Pay Cut in 2020, but Still Got Stock Incentives,” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 30, 2021 URL
14．Bailouts of $50 billion : Andrew Ross Sorkin, “Were the Airline Bailouts Really Needed? : Once Again, We Have Socialized an Industry's Losses and Privatized its Profits,” New York Times, March 16, 2021 URL
15．Chart 33 : “Corporate Profits After Tax (without IVA and CCAdj),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
16．Chart 34 : Lawrence Mishel and Julia Wolfe, “CEO Compensation Has Grown 940% Since 1978,” Economic Policy Institute, August 14, 2019 URL
17．50% of Americans controlled only 2% of the nation's wealth : “Share of Total Net Worth Held by the Bottom 50% (1st to 50th Wealth Percentiles),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
18．richest 1% had almost a third : “Share of Total Net Worth Held by the Bottom 50% (1st to 50th Wealth Percentiles).” 19．adult population accounted for 44% of global net worth : “Global Wealth Report,” Credit Suisse Group, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
20．Chart 35 : “Share of Total Net Worth Held by the Top 1% (99th to 100th Wealth Percentiles),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
21．take 2 out of every 3 dollars : Nicole Perrin, “Facebook-Google Duopoly Won't Crack This Year,” Insider Intelligence, November 4, 2019 URL
22．1,133 episodes : Travis Clark, “How Much Money ‘Game of Thrones' Episodes Cost to Make in the Final Season, and Throughout the Series,” Business Insider, April 15, 2019 URL
23．Chart 36 : Joe Abbott and Edward Yardeni, “Stock Market Briefing : FAANGMs,” Yardeni Research, Inc., February 19, 2022 URL
24．In 1950, the federal minimum wage : Dean Baker, “The $23 Per Hour Minimum Wage,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, March 16, 2022 URL
25．median cost of a home in 1950 was $87,524 : Emmie Martin, “Here's How Much Housing Prices Have Skyrocketed Over the Last 50 Years,” CNBC, June 23, 2017 URL
26．more than $15 per hour : David Cooper, Zane Mokhiber, and Ben Zipperer, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $15 by 2025 Would Lift the Pay of 32 Million Workers,” Economic Policy Institute, March 9, 2021 URL
27．32 million workers : Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $15 by 2025 Would Lift the Pay of 32 Million Workers.”
28．3.7 million people : Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $15 by 2024 Would Lift Pay for Nearly 40 Million Workers.”
29．$20 billion : Bonnie Kavoussi, “U.S. Could End Homelessness with Money Used to Buy Christmas Decorations,” HuffPost, December 6, 2017 URL
30．$90 billion : Bill Gates and Ray Chambers, “From Aspiration to Action : What Will It Take to End Malaria?” Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Office of the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Financing the Health Millennium Development Goals for Malaria, 2014, http://endmalaria2040.org/ 31．every ten seconds : Julia Glum, “The Median Amazon Employee's Salary Is $28,000. Jeff Bezos Makes More Than That in 10 Seconds,” Money, May 2, 2018 URL
32．Chart 37 : Cooper, Mokhiber, and Zipperer, “Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $15 by 2024 Would Lift Pay for Nearly 40 million Workers.”
33．Chart 38 : “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers : Food and Beverages in U.S. City Average,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
34．America's total financial assets : “Domestic Financial Sectors; Total Financial Assets, Level/(Gross Domestic Product*1000),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
35．a high of 5.9:1 at the onset : “Domestic Financial Sectors; Total Financial Assets, Level/(Gross Domestic Product*1000),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
36．Chart 39 : “Domestic Financial Sectors; Total Financial Assets, Level/(Gross Domestic Product*1000),” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 24, 2022 URL
37．home ownership rate in the U.S. : “Homeownership Rate in the United States,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
38．Chart 40 : “Housing Data,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
39．Between 1980 and 2019 : Kathryn Peltier Campbell, Anthony P. Carnevale, and Artem Gulish, “If Not Now, When? The Urgent Need for an All-One- System Approach to Youth Policy,” Georgetown University McCourt School of Public Policy : Center on Education and Workforce, 2021 URL（→ https://cew.georgetown.edu/）
40．2 out of 3 jobs require : Campbell, Carnevale, and Gulish, “If Not Now, When?”
41．greater than their credit card debt : Susan Tompor, “Student Loan Debt Exceeds Credit Card Debt in USA,” USA Today, September 10, 2010 URL
42．Chart 41 : Campbell, Carnevale, and Gulish, “If Not Now, When?”
43．Chart 42 : Emmaa Dorn, Bryan Hancock, Jimmy Sarakatsannis, and Ellen Viruleg, “As US Students Return to Classrooms, Some Are Catching Up on Unfinished Learning, but Others Are Falling Further Behind, Widening Prepandemic Gaps,” McKinsey & Company, December 14, 2021 URL
44．more than any other country : “Current Medical Literature,” Journal of the American Medical Association 108 (1937) : 329-344, doi:10.1001/jama.1937.02780040079042.
45．Sixty-four percent of patients : Will Chase and Michelle McGhee, “How America's Top Hospitals Hound Patients With Predatory Billing,” Axios, accessed February 26, 2022 URL
46．charged patients seven times the cost of service : Will Chase and Michelle McGhee, “How America's Top Hospitals Hound Patients with Predatory Billing,” Axios, accessed February 26, 2022 URL
47．more than $800 billion : Terry Campbell, David U. Himmelsteinand, and Steffie Woolhandler, “Health Care Administrative Costs in the United States and Canada, 2017,” Annals of Internal Medicine (January 21, 2020) URL
48．GDP of Saudi Arabia : “GDP by Country,” Worldometers, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
49．regulatory and administrative tasks : Natasha Parekh, Teresa L. Rogstad and William H. Shrank, “Waste in the US Health Care System : Estimated Costs and Potential for Savings,” Journal of the American Medical Association 322 (2019) : 501-9, doi:10.1001/jama.2019.13978.
50．more than the U.S. spends treating cancer : “Financial Burden of Cancer Care,” National Cancer Institute, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
51．Chart 43 : Max Roser, “Link Between Health Spending and Life Expectancy : The US is an Outlier,” Global Change Data Lab, May 26, 2017 URL （→ https://ourworldindata.org/）
52．a 92% chance of doing better : Raj Chetty et al., “The Fading American Dream : Trends in Absolute Income Mobility Since 1940,” Science 356, no. 6336 (April 24, 2017) : 398-406 URL
53．They have less than half of the economic security : “Guide to the Markets,” J.P. Morgan Asset Management, December 31, 2021 URL
54．Chart 44 : Chetty et al., “The Fading American Dream.”

第５章　アテンションエコノミー

１．On January 9, 2007 : “Steve Jobs Debuts the iPhone,” History, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
２．He called it a “revolutionary product” : John Schroter, “Steve Jobs Introduces iPhone in 2007,” October 8, 2011, YouTube, video, 0:00 to 10:19 URL
３．$900 million buyout : Saul Hansell, “Yahoo Woos a Social Networking Site,” New York Times, September 22, 2006 URL
４．called Odeo : MG Siegler, “Twitter And Foursquare Explain Their SXSW Explosions : Hustle, Buzz, And Maybe $11K,” TechCrunch, January 4, 2011 URL
５．we spent 3% : Lisa E. Phillips, “Trends in Consumers' Time Spent with Media,” Insider Intelligence, December 28, 2010 URL（→ http://marketresearchworld.net/）
６．that number was 33% : Yoram Wurmser, “US Time Spent with Mobile 2021 : Pandemic Gains Stick Even as Growth Cools,” Insider Intelligence, Jun 2, 2021 URL（→ https://www.insiderintelligence.com/）
７．Over 80% of Alphabet's revenue : Daisuke Wakabayashi, “Google's Profit and Revenue Soared in the Third Quarter,” New York Times, October 26, 2021 URL
８．At Meta, it's 98% : Rishi Iyengar, “Here's How Big Facebook's Ad Business Really Is,” CNN, July 1, 2020 URL
９．bring in more than a third : Iyengar, “Here's How Big Facebook's Ad Business Really Is.” 10．receive 70% more views : “Mozilla Investigation : YouTube Algorithm Recommends Videos that Violate the Platform's Very Own Policies,” Mozilla, July 7, 2021 URL
11．six times the speed : Peter Dizikes, “Study : On Twitter, False News Travels Faster Than True Stories,” Massachusets Institute of Technology, March 8, 2018 URL
12．more than 15% : Mark Travers, “Facebook Spreads Fake News Faster Than Any Other Social Website, According To New Research,” Forbes, March 21, 2020 URL
13．My NYU colleague Jonathan Haidt : Dora Mekouar, “Can Reforming Social Media Save American Democracy?” VOA, June 7, 2022 URL
14．eighty times per day : “Average Unlocks Per Day Among Smartphone Users in the United States as of August 2018, by Generation,” Statista, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
15．about half of American adults : Aaron Smith, “Nearly Half of American Adults are Smartphone Owners,” Pew Research Center, March 1, 2012 URL
16．feel some degree of anxiety : “Smartphones,” YouGov, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
17．96% of Gen Z Americans : “Who Are America's Toilet Texters? Smartphone Bathroom Habits (Texting on the Toilet Study),” Bank My Cell, accessed February 20, 2022 URL
18．4 hours and 23 minutes : Wurmser, “US Time Spent with Mobile 2021.”
19．laugh seventeen times : Rod A. Martin, “Do Children Laugh Much More Often than Adults Do?” Association for Applied and Theraputic Humor, 2022 URL
20．about once a week : Ryne A. Sherman, Jean M. Twenge, and Brooke E. Wells, “Declines in Sexual Frequency among American Adults, 1989-2014,” National Library of Medicine 46 (November 2017) : 2389-401, doi : 10.1007/s10508-017-0953-1.
21．Chart 45 : “Average Unlocks Per Day Among Smartphone Users in the United States as of August 2018, by Generation.”
22．37 trillion gigabytes : Gregory Manley, “How Much Data Is on the Internet?,” Section, March 27, 2020 URL
23．within 0.2 seconds : Amit Agarwal, “Single Google Query Uses 1000 Machines in 0.2 Seconds,” Digital inspiration, February 19, 2009 URL
24．fifth of all advertising revenue : “Digital News Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, July 27, 2021 URL
25．63% of all ad revenue : “Digital News Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, July 27, 2021 URL
26．$250 billion industry : Sara Fischer, “Ad Industry Expected to Make a Major COVID Comeback,” Axios, April 13, 2021 URL
27．Chart 46 : “Digital News Fact Sheet.”
28．In 2008, U.S. newspapers : “Digital News Fact Sheet.”
29．had fallen 26% : Mason Walker, “U.S. Newsroom Employment has Fallen 26% Since 2008,” Pew Research Center, July 13, 2021 URL
30．Chart 47 : “Newspapers Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, June 29, 2021 URL
“Digital News Fact Sheet.”
31．55% of website visits : Tony Haile, “What You Think You Know About the Web Is Wrong,” Time, March 9, 2014 URL
32．Chart 48 : Jonah Berger and Katherine L. Milkman, “What Makes Online Content Viral?” Journal of Marketing Research 49, no. 2 (April 2012) : 192-205 URL
33．from 30 million to 300 million : “Twitter, Inc. : Form 10-K,” Edgar Online, 2014 URL
“Twitter, Inc. : Form 10-K,” United States Securities and Exchange Commission, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
34．six times shorter : Peter Dizikes, “Study : On Twitter, False News Travels Faster Than True Stories,” Massachusets Institute of Technology, March 8, 2018 URL
35．7 in 10 U.S. adult Twitter users : Amy Mitchell, Elisa Shearer, and Galen Stocking, “News on Twitter : Consumed by Most Users and Trusted by Many,” Pew Research Center, November 15, 2021 URL
36．80% of all tweets : Ren LaForme, “10 Percent of Twitter Users Create 80 Percent of Tweets, Study Finds,” Poynter, April 24, 2019 URL
37．Chart 49 : Dizikes, “Study : On Twitter, False News Travels Faster Than True Stories.”
38．More than 7 in 10 : Monica Anderson, Andrew Perrin, and Emily A. Vogels, “Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints,” Pew Research Center, August 19, 2020 URL
39．Nine in every 10 Republicans : Anderson, Perrin, and Vogels, “Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints.”
40．Sixty-four percent of people : Jeff Horwitz and Deepa Seetharaman, “Facebook Executives Shut Down Efforts to Make the Site Less Divisive,” Wall Street Journal, May 26, 2020 URL
41．half of Americans had heard : “5 Facts About the QAnon Conspiracy Theories,” Pew Research Center, November 16, 2020 URL
42．Chart 50 : “Newspapers Fact Sheet.”
43．a sharp decline : Jeffrey Gottfried and Jacob Liedke, “Partisan Divides in Media Trust Widen, Driven by a Decline Among Republicans,” Pew Research Center, August 30, 2021 URL
44．the share of Democrats : Gottfried and Liedke, “Partisan Divides in Media Trust Widen, Driven by a Decline Among Republicans.”
45．6 in 10 Americans : Gottfried and Liedke, “Partisan Divides in Media Trust Widen, Driven by a Decline Among Republicans.”
46．at an all-time low : Megan Brenan, “Americans' Confidence in Major U.S. Institutions Dips,” Gallup, July 14, 2021 URL
47．Chart 51 : Gottfried and Liedke, “Partisan Divides in Media Trust Widen, Driven by a Decline Among Republicans.”
48．a trend that continued : “Federal Bureau of Investigation Crime Data Explorer,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, accessed February 25, 2022 URL（→ https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov https://www.fbi.gov/）
49．In 20 of 24 Gallup surveys : John Gramlich, “What the Data Says (And Doesn't Say) About Crime in the United States,” Pew Research Center, November 20, 2020 URL
50．The Brennan Center found : Lauren-Brooke Eisen and Oliver Roeder, “America's Faulty Perception of Crime Rates : America's Crime Rates Are at Their Lowest Point in Decades. So Why Do So Many Americans Think Crime Is Going Up?,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law, March 16, 2015 URL
51．more headline references to homicide : Ames Grawert and Cameron Kimble, “Takeaways from 2019 Crime Data in Major American Cities,” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law, December 18, 2019 URL
52．Chart 52 : “Public Perception of Crime Rate at Odds With Reality,” Pew Research Center, January 31, 2018 URL
53．Chart 53 : Sonia Hausen, Michael J. Rosenfeld, and Reuben J. Thomas, “Disintermediating Your Friends : How Online Dating in the United States Displaces Other Ways of Meeting,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, September 3, 2019 URL

第６章　砂上の楼閣

１．higher educational expectations : Marianne Bertrand and Jessica Pan, “The Trouble with Boys : Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior,” National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2011 URL
２．Boys are twice as likely : Laura Camera, “Boys Bear the Brunt of School Discipline,” U.S. News and World Report, June 22, 2016 URL
３．higher education institutions is two-thirds : Douglas Belkin, “A Generation of American Men Give Up on College : ‘I Just Feel Lost,' ” Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2021 URL
４．men without a college education : “Education and Lifetime Earnings,” Social Security Administration, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
５．Young people in America : D'Vera Cohn, Richard Fry, and Jeffrey S. Passel, “A Majority of Young Adults in the U.S. Live With Their Parents for the First Time Since the Great Depression,” Pew Research Center, September 4, 2020 URL
６．the sharpest decline in marriage rates : Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, “The Marriage Gap : The Impact of Economic and Technological Change on Marriage Rates,” The Hamilton Project, February 12, 2012 URL
７．declining marriage rates : “Education and Lifetime Earnings.” ８．poll by the University of Virginia : Rich Lowry, “Opinion : A Surprising Share of Americans Wants to Break Up the Country. Here's Why They're Wrong,” Politico, October 6, 2021 URL
９．hit an all-time low : “Provisional Number of Marriages and Marriage Rate : United States, 2000-2020,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention URL
10．men in the bottom third of incomes : Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, “The Marriage Gap : The Impact of Economic and Technological Change on Marriage Rates,” The Hamilton Project, February 12, 2012 URL
11．Women at lower income rates : Greenstone and Looney, “The Marriage Gap.” 12．consistently proves to produce better outcomes for children : Ann Meier and Kelly Musick, “Are Both Parents Always Better Than One? Parental Conflict and Young Adult Well-Being,” Social Science Research 39, no. 5 (September 1, 2010) : 814-30 URL
13．Chart 54 : “Provisional Number of Marriages and Marriage Rate : United States, 2000-2019,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
14．Chart 55 : Kim Parker and Renee Stepler, “Americans See Men as the Financial Providers, Even as Women's Contributions Grow,” Pew Research Center, September 20, 2017 URL
15．down from nearly 60% in 1970 : “CPS Historical Time Series Tables on School Enrollment,” United States Census Bureau, February 2, 2021 URL
16．more than 1.1 million women : Richard V. Reeves and Ember Smith, “The Male College Crisis Is Not Just in Enrollment, but Completion,” The Brookings Institiution, October 8, 2021 URL
17．Chart 56 : “Overview : Fall 2021 Enrollment Estimates,” National Student Clearinghouse Research Center, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
18．The most attractive people score the largest share of matches : Jason Kincaid, “OkCupid Checks Out the Dynamics of Attraction and Your Love Inbox,” TechCrunch, November 18, 2009 URL
Worst-Online-Dater, “Tinder Experiments II : Guys, Unless You Are Really Hot You Are Probably Better Off Not Wasting Your Time on Tinder-A Quantitative Socio-Economic Study,” Medium, March 24, 2015 URL
19．Chart 57 : Dan Kopf, “These Statistics Show Why It's So Hard to Be an Average Man on Dating Apps,” Quartz, August 15, 2017 URL
20．1 in 25 parents had concerns : Wendy Wang, “Marriages Between Democrats and Republicans Are Extremely Rare,” Institute for Family Studies, November 3, 2020 URL
21．Chart 58 : Robert P. Jones and Maxine Najle, “American Democracy in Crisis : The Fate of Pluralism in a Divided Nation,” Public Religion Research Institute, February 19, 2019 URL
22．Chart 59 : Cohn, Fry, and Passel, “A Majority of Young Adults in the U.S. Live With Their Parents for the First Time Since the Great Depression.” 23．the population grew just 7.4% : “2020 Census Shows U.S. Population Grew at Slowest Pace Since the 1930s,” Washington Post, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
24．Chart 60 : William H. Frey, “The 2010s Saw the Lowest Population Growth in U.S. History, New Census Estimates Show,” The Brookings Institution, December 22, 2020 URL
25．Chart 61 : Amanda Barroso and Anna Brown, “Gender Pay Gap in U.S. Held Steady in 2020,” Pew Research Center, May 25, 2021 URL
Tara Haelle, “Girls Three Times More Likely To Self-Harm Than Boys-And Need Help,” Forbes, October 19, 2017 URL
“Preventing Intimate Partner Violence,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
Amanda Barroso and Juliana Menasce Horowitz, “The Pandemic Has Highlighted Many Challenges for Mothers, but They Aren't Necessarily New,” Pew Research Center, March 17, 2021 URL
Richard V. Reeves and Ember Smith, “The Male College Crisis Is Not Just in Enrollment, but Completion,” The Brookings Institiution, October 8, 2021 URL
John Gramlich, “Recent Surge in U.S. Drug Overdose Deaths Has Hit Black Men the Hardest,” Pew Research Center, January 19, 2022 URL
“Suicide Statistics,” National Foundation for Suicide Prevention, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
“Inmate Gender,” Federal Bureau of Prisons, accessed Feburary 25, 2022 URL
26．Men who fail to attach : “Many Mass Shooters Share a Common Bond : Male Grievance Culture,” WAMU, August 13, 2019 URL
27．Chart 62 : “Mass Attacks in Public Spaces-2019,” U.S. Department of Homeland Security, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
28．42% of Americans believed : Aidan Connaughton, Shannon Schumacher, Laura Silver, and Richard Wike, “Many in U.S., Western Europe Say Their Political System Needs Major Reform,” Pew Research Center, March 31, 2021 URL
29．Chart 63 : “Public Trust in Government : 1958-2021,” Pew Research Center, May 17, 2021 URL
30．For every dollar of wealth a typical white household has : Ana Hernández Kent and Lowell Ricketts, “Wealth Gaps Between White, Black and Hispanic Families in 2019,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, January 5, 2021 URL
31．Hispanic households have 21 cents for every dollar in white wealth : Hernández Kent and Ricketts, “Wealth Gaps Between White, Black and Hispanic Families in 2019.” 32．Chart 64 : Patricia Cohen, “Beyond Pandemic's Upheaval, a Racial Wealth Gap Endures,” New York Times, April 9, 2021 URL
33．Chart 65 : Richard Kerby, “Where Did You Go to School?” Medium, July 30, 2018 URL

第７章　脅威

１．virus one-tenth the size of the smallest dust particle : Avi Flamholz, Yinon M Bar-On, Ron Milo and Rob Phillips, “SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) By The Numbers.” eLife (April 2020) : doi:10.7554/eLife.57309; “Hazard Prevention and Control in the Work Environment : Chapter 1-Dust : Definitions and Concepts,” World Health Organization, 1999 URL
２．Chinese manufacturing is dominant : Christian Lansang and Darrell M. West, “Global Manufacturing Scorecard : How the US Compares to 18 Other Nations,” The Brookings Institution, July 10, 2018 URL
３．growth of its trade network is outpacing : Alyssa Leng and Roland Rajah, “The US-China Trade War Who Dominates Global Trade?” Lowy Institute, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
４．Chinese skill and expertise : James T. Areddy, “China Is Working Its Way Up From Sweatshops to Skilled Jobs,” Wall Street Journal, Dec. 6, 2019 URL
５．30% of the world's total : Matt Hourihan, “A Snapshot of U.S. R&D Competitiveness : 2020 Update,” American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2020 URL
６．American startups accounting for 50% : “The Complete List of Unicorn Companies,” CBInsights, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
７．The U.S. has more billionaires than any nation : Giacomo Tognini, “The Countries with the Most Billionaires 2021,” Forbes, April 6, 2021 URL
８．bigger defense budget : “Military Expenditure (Current USD),” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
９．quarter of the world's GDP : “GDP (Current US$),” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
10．Chart 66 : “GDP (Current US$)”; Tognini, “The Countries with the Most Billionaires 2021”; Hourihan, “A Snapshot of U.S. R&D Competitiveness : 2020 Update”; Bryan Murphy, “Which Countries Have Won the Most Olympic Medals?” NBC Sports, February 3, 2022 URL
“Military Expenditure (Current USD)”; “The Complete List of Unicorn Companies”; “Global Top 100 Companies By Market Capitalisation,” PWC, accessed Februrary 25, 2022 URL
Lyn Alden, “January 2022 Newsletter : The Capital Sponge,” Lyn Alden Investment Strategy, January 16, 2022 URL
Xingyang, “The 50 Highest-Grossing Movies of All Time,” IMDB, February 3, 2011 URL
Mike Ozanian, “World's Most Valuable Sports Teams 2021,” Forbes, May 7, 2021 URL
11．Under the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944 : Sandra Kollen Ghizoni, “Creation of the Bretton Woods System,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, November 22, 2013 URL
12．into gold at a fixed rate : Kollen Ghizoni, “Creation of the Bretton Woods System.”
13．ended the convertibility of U.S. dollars into gold : Sandra Kollen Ghizon, “Nixon Ends Convertibility of U.S. Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage/PriceControls,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, November 22, 2013 URL
14．not backed by a commodity : “Fiat Money : Money With No Intrinsic Value But Made Legal Tender by a Government Order,” Corporate Finance Institute, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
15．group of finance ministers : Harold James, “The Dollar Wars Return,” Project Syndicate, September 2003 URL
16．25% of global GDP in 2020 : “GDP (Current US$).”
17．Chart 67 : Serkan Arslanalp and Chima Simpson-Bell, “US Dollar Share of Global Foreign Exchange Reserves Drops to 25-Year Low,” International Monetary Fund, May 5, 2021 URL
“Gross Domestic Product 2020,” World Bank, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
18．The initiative covers 71 countries : “Belt and Road Initiative,” Belt and Road Initiative, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
（2023年６月末時点では閲覧不能。「Belt and Road Initiative」で検索すれば中国が運営するサイトが見える）
19．Chart 68 : “Global Trade : How to Deal with China,” Economist, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
20．over a third : “World Military Spending Rises to Almost $2 Trillion in 2020,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 26, 2021 URL
21．School Peter Robertson addressed : Peter E. Robertson, “The Real Military Balance : International Comparisons of Defense Spending,” Review of Income and Wealth (2021) URL
22．America look far less dominant : Robertson, “The Real Military Balance.”
23．two-thirds of the U.S. budget : “Buck for the Bang : Nominal Spending Figures Understate China's Military Might,” Economist, May 1, 2021 URL
24．Chart 69 : Robertson, “The Real Military Balance.”
25．tall as the Empire State Building : “Buck for the Bang : Nominal Spending Figures Understate China's Military Might.”
26．Chart 70 : “World Military Spending Rises to Almost $2 Trillion in 2020,” SIPRI, 26 April 2021 URL
“Gross Domestic Product 2020”; Dawood Azami, “Afghanistan : How Do the Taliban Make Money?” BBC, August 28, 2021 URL
27．220 drones to 16 countries : Bruce Einhorn, Lucille Liu, Colum Murphy, and Nick Wadhams, “Combat Drones Made in China Are Coming to a Conflict Near You,” University of Pennsylvania, March 18, 2021 URL
28．sell for as much as $15 million : Bruce Einhorn, “Combat Drones Made in China Are Coming to a Conflict Near You : Growing Sales of the Aircraft Threaten to Spark a Global Arms Race,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 17, 2021 URL
29．Chart 71 : Einhorn, “Combat Drones Made in China Are Coming to a Conflict Near You.” Does Our Budget Allocation Align with Our Threats?
30．enemy one four-hundredth : Carmen Ang, “This Is How Coronavirus Compares to the World's Smallest Particles,” World Economic Forum, October 15, 2020 URL
31．more Americans than all of our twentieth-century wars combined : Associated Press, “US Tops 500,000 Virus Deaths, Matching the Toll of 3 Wars,” U.S. News and World Report, February 22, 2021 URL
32．Chart 72 : “Spotlight : FY 2021 Defense Budget,” U.S. Department of Defense, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
“FY 2021 Operating Plan,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
33．In 1985, he declared : “The ‘Reagan Doctrine' Is Announced,” History, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
34．made democracy promotion central : Evan D. McCormick, Brian K. Muzas, Andrew S. Natsios, Jayita Sarkar, and Gail E.S. Yoshitani, “Policy Roundtable : Does Reagan's Foreign Policy Legacy Live On?,” Texas National Security Review, October 9, 2018 URL
35．For roughly every 10 citizens in developed nations, 6 believe : “Most Believe the U.S. Is No Longer a Good Model of Democracy,” Pew Research Center, October 29, 2021 URL
36．Chart 73 : “Favorability of the U.S. Is Up Sharply Since 2020,” Pew Research Center, June 9, 2021 URL
37．69% of global : “Global Research and Development Expenditures : Fact Sheet,” Congressional Research Service, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
38．Moderna $25 million in 2013 : Emily Mullin, “Moderna Lands $25M Grant to Develop Its RNA Platform Against Infectious Diseases, Bioterror,” FierceBioTech, October 2, 2013 URL
39．half-billion doses later : Peter Loftus, “Moderna Plans to Expand Production to Make Covid-19 Vaccine Boosters, Supply More Countries,” Wall Street Journal, June 21, 2021 URL
40．30% of global investment : “Global Research and Development Expenditures : Fact Sheet.”
41．Chart 74 : “Global Research and Development Expenditures : Fact Sheet.”
42．Few clean energy minerals are produced or processed : Mike Baker and Jack Healy, “As Miners Chase Clean-Energy Minerals, Tribes Fear a Repeat of the Past,” New York Times, December 27, 2021 URL
43．Chart 75 : “The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions,” International Energy Agency, accessed February 2022 URL
44．grown from 30 to 32 in the past : Justin Jimenez, Tom Orlik, and Cedric Sam, “World-Dominating Superstar Firms Get Bigger, Techier, and More Chinese,” Bloomberg, May 21, 2021 URL
45．which lost more representatives : Jimenez, Orlik, and Sam, “World-Dominating Superstar Firms Get Bigger, Techier, and More Chinese.”
46．Chart 76 : Jimenez, Orlik, and Sam, “World-Dominating Superstar Firms Get Bigger, Techier, and More Chinese.”

第８章　不安定であることの明るい側面

１．there were eight : Andrew Pollack, “Bell System Breakup Opens Era of Great Expectations and Great Concern,” New York Times, January 1, 1984 URL
２．Sprint and MCI : Bret Swanson, “Lessons From The AT&T Break Up, 30 Years Later,” American Enterprise Institute, January 3, 2014 URL
３．30% in just five years : Kate Ballen and Kenneth Labich, “Was Breaking Up AT&T a Good Idea?,” Fortune, January 2, 1989 URL
４．killed more than 25 million people : “Black Death : Effects and Significance,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
５．Chart 77 : Nico Voigtländer and Hans-Joachim Voth, “The Three Horsemen of Riches : Plague, War, and Urbanization in Early Modern Europe,” The Review of Economic Studies 80, no. 2 (April 2013) : 774-811, http://www.eief.it/files/2010/04/hans-joachim-voth.pdf">URL
６．Chart 78 : Emily C. Bianchi, “The Bright Side of Bad Times : The Affective Advantages of Entering the Workforce in a Recession,” Administrative Science Quarterly 58, no. 4 (December 2013) : 587-623 URL
７．5.4 million new business applications : Andrea Hsu, “New Businesses Soared to Record Highs in 2021. Here's a Taste of One of Them,” NPR, January 12, 2022 URL
８．Chart 79 : Kenan Fikri, Daniel Newman, and Jimmy O'Donnell, “The Startup Surge? Unpacking 2020 Trends in Business Formation,” Economic Innovation Group, February 8, 2021 URL
９．greater rates than American-born citizens : Dan Kosten, “Immigrants as Economic Contributors : Immigrant Entrepreneurs,” National Immigration Forum, July 11, 2018 URL
10．rate of new entrepreneurs among immigrants : Kosten, “Immigrants as Economic Contributors.”
11．Chart 80 : “National Report on Early-Stage Entrepreneurship in the United States : 2020,” Kaufmann Indicators of Entrepreneurship, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
12．Chart 81 : “From Struggle to Resilience : The Economic Impact of Refugees in America,” New American Economy, June 2017 URL
13．a third of the world's adults : “World Population Prospects 2019,” United Nations, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
14．a third of the world's adults : “The Global Findex Database 2017 : The Unbanked,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022 URL（→　https://microdata.worldbank.org）
15．50% of adults are unbanked : “2017 Findex Full Report : Chapter 2 : Unbanked,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022 URL（→　https://microdata.worldbank.org/）
16．9% of the country : “Population, Total-Argentina,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
17．4 million people : Peter Renton, “Podcast 331 : Pierpaolo Barbieri of Ualá,” LendIt Fintech, December 17, 2021 URL
18．more than 25% of eighteen- to twenty-five-year-olds : Renton, “Podcast 331 : Pierpaolo Barbieri of Ualá.”
19．Chart 82 : “The Global Findex Database : About,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022 URL

第９章　望むべき未来

１．Microsoft was a colossus : Amrith Ramkumar, “Microsoft's Market Value Hits a Dot-Com Era Milestone : $600 Billion,” Wall Street Journal, October 19, 2017 URL
２．Star Trek : The Next Generation's Borg : “Boardwatch Magazine : Guide to the Internet, World Wide Web and BBS,” Boardwatch Magazine, May 1996 URL
３．antitrust lawsuit from the government : “U.S. v. Microsoft Court's Findings of Fact,” United States Department of Justice, November 5, 1999 URL
４．aggressively expanding the money supply : Eric Milstein and David Wessel, “What Did the Fed Do in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis?” The Brookings Institution, December 17, 2021 URL
５．accompanied by inflation : Drew Desilver, “Inflation Has Risen Around the World, but the U.S. Has Seen One of the Biggest Increases,” Pew Research Center, November 24, 2021 URL
６．Chart 83 : “Real M2 Money Stock,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
７．restaurants stopped printing menus : “German Hyperinflation 1922/23 : A Law and Economics Approach,” Germany : Eul Verlag (2010).
８．hundreds of political assassinations : Erin Blakemore, “After WWI, Hundreds of Politicians Were Murdered in Germany,” History, October 26, 2018 URL
９．seeking reparations payments : “Reparations,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
10．Chart 84 : Tracy Alloway, “Some Useful Things I've Learned about Germany's Hyperinflation,” Financial Times, March 1, 2010 URL
11．voted against an actual infrastructure bill : Luke Broadwater and Zach Montague, “In Infrastructure Votes, 19 Members Broke With Their Party,” New York Times, November 12, 2021 URL
12．leave out the brand name : Frank Newport, “What's in a Name? Affordable Care Act vs. Obamacare,” Gallup, November 20, 2013 URL
13．20% to 30% of GDP : “Public Social Spending as a Share of GDP, 1980 to 2016,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
14．Chart 85 : “Public Social Spending as a Share of GDP, 1980 to 2016.”
15．twenty-eight of the past forty-one years : “GDP Growth (Annual %)-United States, Euro Area,” World Bank Group, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
16．Chart 86 : “GDP Growth (Annual %)-United States, Euro Area.”
17．spending billions to monitor : Josh Chin, “China Spends More on Domestic Security as Xi's Powers Grow,” Wall Street Journal, March 6, 2018 URL
18．Chart 87 : “Number of Monthly Active Players of Minecraft Worldwide as of August 2021 (in Millions),” Statista, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
Brian Dean,“Roblox User and Growth Stats 2022,” Backlinko, January 5, 2022 URL
19．Chart 88 : Willem Roper, “Remote Work Could Double Permanently,” Statista, December 16, 2020 URL
20．Chart 89 : Daniel A. Cox, “Men's Social Circles are Shrinking,” Survey Center on American Life, June 29, 2021 URL

第10章　われわれは何をなすべきか

１．President Clinton famously said : William J. Clinton, “First Inaugural Address of William J. Clinton,” Lillian Goldman Law Library, January 20, 1993 URL
２．6.1 billion hours for all taxpayers to handle their taxes : “Most Serious Problems : The Complexity of the Tax Code,” Taxpayer Advocate Service, 2012 URL
３．the government calculates taxes : “The Tax Policy Center's Briefing Book,” Tax Policy Center, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
４．Chart 90 : Scott A. Hodge, “The Compliance Costs of IRS Regulations,” Tax Foundation, June 15, 2016 URL
５．spent roughly $18 million and $20 million : Tony Romm, “Amazon, Facebook, Other Tech Giants Spent Roughly $65 Million to Lobby Washington Last Year,” Washington Post, January 22, 2021 URL
６．Amazon has been increasing : Naomi Nix, “Amazon Is Flooding D.C. With Money and Muscle : The Influence Game,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 7, 2019 URL
７．has more full-time lobbyists : Jeffrey Dastin, Chris Kirkham, and Aditya Kalra, “Amazon Wages Secret War on Americans' Privacy, Documents Show,” Reuters, November 19, 2021 URL
８．have collectively spent $374.7 million : “Analysis of the Fossil Fuel Industry's Legislative Lobbying and Capital Expenditures Related to Climate Change,” Congress of the United States, October 28, 2021 URL（→　https://context-cdn.washingtonpost.com/　https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/）
９．Chart 91 : Office of the Inspector General, “EPA's Compliance Monitoring Activities, Enforcement Actions, and Enforcement Results Generally Declined from Fiscal Years 2006 Through 2018,” Environmental Protection Agency, March 31, 2020 URL
10．$5 billion fine in 2019 : “FTC Imposes $5 Billion Penalty and Sweeping New Privacy Restrictions on Facebook,” Federal Trade Commission, July 24, 2019 URL
11．7% of the company's year-end revenue : “FBMeta Platforms, Inc.,” Seeking Alpha, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
12．Chart 92 : “Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2019 Results,” Facebook, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
13．16% of Americans had access : Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Hannah Ritchie, and Max Roser, “Internet,” Global Change Data Lab, 2015 URL
14．Chart 93 : Prof G analysis.
15．“pre-criminal social dangerousness” : “8,400 Cubans Serve Time for Pre-Criminal Social Dangerousness,” Civil Rights Defenders, January 13, 2020 URL
16．Chart 94 : “World Prison Brief Data,” World Prison Brief, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
17．Chart 95 : “Unemployment Rises in 2020 as the Country Battles the COVID-19 Pandemic,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2021 URL
“House Passes The Heroes Act,” House Committee on Appropriations, May 15, 2020 https://appropriations.house.gov/（→　https://www.congress.gov/）.
18．A single generator : “Nuclear Provides Carbon-Free Energy 24/7,” Nuclear Energy Institute, accessed February 25, 2022 URL（記事削除）
19．the most unpopular energy source : Lisa Martine Jenkins, “Nuclear Energy Among the Least Popular Sources of Power in the U.S., Polling Shows,” Morning Consult, September 9, 2020 URL
20．Chart 96 : Hannah Ritchie, “What Are the Safest and Cleanest Sources of Energy?” Global Change Data Lab, February 10, 2020,URL
21．1 in 7 American children : “The State of America's Children : 2021,” Children's Defense Fund, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
22．maternal labor force participation climbed : Rasheed Malik, “The Effects of Universal Preschool in Washington, D.C.,” Center for American Progress, September 26, 2018 URL
23．2011 study by Harvard economist Raj Chetty : Raj Chetty, John N. Friedman, Nathaniel Hilger, Emmanuel Saez, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Danny Yagan, “How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence From Project Star,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 126, no. 4 (March 2011) : 1593-1660.
24．federal child tax credit : “Child Tax Credit Overview,” National Conference of State Legislatures, February 1, 2022 URL
25．do more than any current program : Kevin Corinth, Bruce Meyer, Matthew Stadnicki, and Derek Wu, “The Anti-Poverty, Targeting, and Labor Supply Effects of the Proposed Child Tax Credit Expansion,” University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics, Working Paper No. 2021-115 (October 7, 2021), http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3938983">URL
26．Chart 97 : Ife Floyd and Danilo Trisi, “Benefits of Expanding Child Tax Credit Outweigh Small Employment Effects,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, March 1, 2021 URL
27．$600 billion in endowments : “Fast Facts : Endowments,” National Center for Educational Statistics, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
28．Chart 98 : “Harvard Endowment Beats Benchmarks, Value Declines,” Harvard Gazette, September 26, 2001 URL
“Harvard University Fact Book,” President and Fellows of Harvard College, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
“Student Enrollment Data,” Harvard University, Office of Institutional Research, accessed February 25, 2022 URL
Cindy H. Zhang, “Harvard Endowment Returns 6.5 Percent for Fiscal Year 2019,” The Harvard Crimson, Sept. 27, 2019 URL
29．94% of apprentices : “Discover Apprenticeship,” U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, September 2020 URL
30．Chart 99 : Maia Chankseliani and Aizuddin Mohamed Anuar, “Cross-Country Comparison of Engagement in Apprenticeships : A Conceptual Analysis of Incentives for Individuals and Firms,” International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 6, no. 3 (December 2019) : 261-83, doi:10.13152/IJRVET.6.3.4; Colin John Becht, “Apprenticing America : The Effects of Tax Credits for Registered Apprenticeship Programs,” Georgetown University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, April 19, 2019 URL
31．served their country in uniform : Katherine Schaeffer, “The Changing Face of Congress in 7 Charts,” Pew Research Center, March 10, 2021 URL
32．a quarter of a million : Justin Tabor, “What Does Success Look Like as a Peace Corps Volunteer?” Peace Corps, November 23, 2020 URL
33．Chart 100 : Clive R. Belfield, “The Economic Value of National Service,” University of Pennsylvania, Center for Benefit-Cost Studies of Education, 2013 URL

結論

１．after WWII had ended : Robert D. McFadden, “Hiroo Onoda, Soldier Who Hid in Jungle for Decades, Dies at 91,” New York Times, January 17, 2014 URL
２．are having much less sex : Christopher Ingraham, “The Share of Americans Not Having Sex Has Reached a Record High,” Washington Post, March 29, 2019 URL
３．members of the opposing political party : Philip Bump, “Most Republicans See Democrats Not as Political Opponents but as Enemies,” Washington Post, February 10, 2021 URL
４．parents at the same age : Tami Luhby, “Many Millennials Are Worse off Than Their Parents-a First in American History,” CNN, January 11, 2020 URL